Benchmark Report: Sorted Maps and Sets

Attribute	Value
CPU	`AMD EPYC 9V45 96-Core Processor`
Operating System	`Linux-7.0.0-1019-azure-x86_64-with-glibc2.44`
CPU Frequency Governor	`None`
Native Allocator	`system malloc; Zig libc_allocator`
Compiler Optimization Flags	`ReleaseFast / Cargo release / -O3 / CMake Release`
Java Heap Settings	`-Xms1g -Xmx1g`
Git Revision	`780fc7da4e76f7a90e356507458deb44365ac4c8`
Timestamp (UTC)	`2026-11-05T18:27:16Z`
Runner environment	GitHub-hosted CI
Dirty working tree	False
Ordered source	/nix/store/hfpp5dkf693h4dn27nznz230l3s4lbax-source
Ordered local revision and changes	None
CPU affinity	[0, 1, 2, 3]
Warmups by language	{'zig': 3, 'rust': 3, 'c': 3, 'cpp': 3, 'java': 20}
Samples per fork	5
Forks	3
Fixture seeds	[42, 123, 2026]
Schedule seed	1729
Toolchain Versions	Zig: 0.17.0, Rust: rustc 1.99.1 (58cf8f9c3 2026-10-13), C: gcc (GCC) 16.2.0, C++: g++ (GCC) 16.2.0, Java: openjdk version "25.0.4.1" 2026-08-18

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 42)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	43.81	102.93	109.51	1.61	132.10
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	83.38	115.72	128.88	2.45	160.74
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	44.92	113.06	114.72	1.56	208.90
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	25.85	54.52	56.18	0.42	69.74
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	18.28	88.48	82.37	0.23	2617.65
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	47.43	156.39	153.45	2.60	161.22
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	62.24	110.94	139.88	1.67	134.90
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	70.06	110.68	139.59	1.63	147.90
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	44.20	159.96	170.85	2.51	172.33
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	39.95	71.35	72.30	0.91	91.16
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	34.00	47.53	46.41	0.29	101.26
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	16.42	54.37	57.39	0.99	105.10
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	32.63	140.45	145.41	8.95	190.21
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	60.32	164.22	163.99	1.86	186.63
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	37.31	123.61	134.59	7.39	175.87

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 96
    bar [43.81, 83.38, 44.92, 25.85, 18.28, 47.43, 62.24, 70.06, 44.20, 39.95, 34.00, 16.42, 32.63, 60.32, 37.31]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 189
    bar [102.93, 115.72, 113.06, 54.52, 88.48, 156.39, 110.94, 110.68, 159.96, 71.35, 47.53, 54.37, 140.45, 164.22, 123.61]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 197
    bar [109.51, 128.88, 114.72, 56.18, 82.37, 153.45, 139.88, 139.59, 170.85, 72.30, 46.41, 57.39, 145.41, 163.99, 134.59]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 11
    bar [1.61, 2.45, 1.56, 0.42, 0.23, 2.60, 1.67, 1.63, 2.51, 0.91, 0.29, 0.99, 8.95, 1.86, 7.39]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 3011
    bar [132.10, 160.74, 208.90, 69.74, 2617.65, 161.22, 134.90, 147.90, 172.33, 91.16, 101.26, 105.10, 190.21, 186.63, 175.87]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	39.62	99.11	107.09	1.61	119.69
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	81.51	110.38	124.05	2.21	159.92
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	37.38	106.06	106.42	1.46	196.89
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	26.56	45.96	45.07	0.32	66.33
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	12.22	77.94	77.27	0.22	1233.60
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	53.72	130.49	129.91	2.51	146.97
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	46.06	112.96	136.67	1.56	131.60
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	82.10	111.70	135.97	1.55	141.95
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	46.15	155.50	165.23	2.60	168.50
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	38.38	71.21	71.44	0.79	83.10
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	16.53	45.76	45.66	0.28	88.50
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	37.44	120.87	133.42	3.25	149.79
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	16.65	80.29	85.48	0.22	1056.99
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	40.51	113.50	118.27	7.55	161.23

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 95
    bar [39.62, 81.51, 37.38, 26.56, 12.22, 53.72, 46.06, 82.10, 46.15, 38.38, 16.53, 37.44, 16.65, 40.51]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 179
    bar [99.11, 110.38, 106.06, 45.96, 77.94, 130.49, 112.96, 111.70, 155.50, 71.21, 45.76, 120.87, 80.29, 113.50]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 191
    bar [107.09, 124.05, 106.42, 45.07, 77.27, 129.91, 136.67, 135.97, 165.23, 71.44, 45.66, 133.42, 85.48, 118.27]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 9
    bar [1.61, 2.21, 1.46, 0.32, 0.22, 2.51, 1.56, 1.55, 2.60, 0.79, 0.28, 3.25, 0.22, 7.55]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1419
    bar [119.69, 159.92, 196.89, 66.33, 1233.60, 146.97, 131.60, 141.95, 168.50, 83.10, 88.50, 149.79, 1056.99, 161.23]

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 123)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	44.88	103.10	109.13	1.61	132.34
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	83.55	118.45	131.15	2.40	161.53
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	44.99	112.83	114.00	1.56	208.50
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	25.17	53.72	56.36	0.42	68.28
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	18.16	87.53	82.77	0.23	2618.08
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	46.94	156.59	147.27	2.56	155.73
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	61.84	111.05	140.48	1.66	134.50
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	70.16	110.54	139.75	1.63	149.11
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	44.51	158.99	170.69	2.55	173.67
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	39.09	71.06	72.05	0.92	90.87
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	33.88	46.60	45.38	0.28	101.54
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	16.53	53.94	57.19	0.99	104.63
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	32.56	141.10	144.95	8.89	188.33
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	60.14	163.87	162.64	1.86	184.56
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	36.66	125.91	128.16	7.36	169.82

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 97
    bar [44.88, 83.55, 44.99, 25.17, 18.16, 46.94, 61.84, 70.16, 44.51, 39.09, 33.88, 16.53, 32.56, 60.14, 36.66]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 189
    bar [103.10, 118.45, 112.83, 53.72, 87.53, 156.59, 111.05, 110.54, 158.99, 71.06, 46.60, 53.94, 141.10, 163.87, 125.91]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 197
    bar [109.13, 131.15, 114.00, 56.36, 82.77, 147.27, 140.48, 139.75, 170.69, 72.05, 45.38, 57.19, 144.95, 162.64, 128.16]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 11
    bar [1.61, 2.40, 1.56, 0.42, 0.23, 2.56, 1.66, 1.63, 2.55, 0.92, 0.28, 0.99, 8.89, 1.86, 7.36]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 3011
    bar [132.34, 161.53, 208.50, 68.28, 2618.08, 155.73, 134.50, 149.11, 173.67, 90.87, 101.54, 104.63, 188.33, 184.56, 169.82]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	39.35	99.91	107.27	1.61	120.23
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	81.31	113.03	126.37	2.23	160.25
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	37.36	104.87	105.46	1.44	194.24
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	26.91	46.83	44.88	0.31	66.37
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	12.25	78.18	77.58	0.22	1238.06
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	54.57	131.99	132.90	2.50	151.10
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	46.16	114.31	136.14	1.56	131.21
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	82.06	112.02	135.02	1.56	142.23
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	45.59	155.12	167.18	2.65	171.20
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	38.66	71.21	71.80	0.79	82.88
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	16.41	45.83	45.99	0.28	88.59
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	38.41	118.50	133.50	3.19	146.81
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	16.67	80.31	85.03	0.22	1054.69
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	37.58	119.56	118.68	7.41	160.83

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 95
    bar [39.35, 81.31, 37.36, 26.91, 12.25, 54.57, 46.16, 82.06, 45.59, 38.66, 16.41, 38.41, 16.67, 37.58]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 179
    bar [99.91, 113.03, 104.87, 46.83, 78.18, 131.99, 114.31, 112.02, 155.12, 71.21, 45.83, 118.50, 80.31, 119.56]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 193
    bar [107.27, 126.37, 105.46, 44.88, 77.58, 132.90, 136.14, 135.02, 167.18, 71.80, 45.99, 133.50, 85.03, 118.68]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 9
    bar [1.61, 2.23, 1.44, 0.31, 0.22, 2.50, 1.56, 1.56, 2.65, 0.79, 0.28, 3.19, 0.22, 7.41]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1424
    bar [120.23, 160.25, 194.24, 66.37, 1238.06, 151.10, 131.21, 142.23, 171.20, 82.88, 88.59, 146.81, 1054.69, 160.83]

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	44.55	107.08	114.13	1.61	132.63
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	83.11	116.43	129.11	2.42	160.04
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	45.00	113.74	115.11	1.58	213.41
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	26.06	55.23	56.12	0.42	70.52
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	18.30	88.40	83.19	0.23	2586.39
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	46.21	149.41	150.06	2.58	160.04
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	61.72	110.68	140.13	1.65	135.62
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	70.02	110.67	139.85	1.64	148.42
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	44.24	160.33	169.73	2.55	173.08
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	38.93	71.15	72.29	0.90	91.05
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	34.01	46.91	45.63	0.28	101.23
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	17.03	54.16	57.18	0.99	105.01
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	32.57	140.57	143.82	8.89	186.81
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	60.20	160.93	161.17	1.88	184.85
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	36.62	125.28	136.26	7.35	174.29

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 96
    bar [44.55, 83.11, 45.00, 26.06, 18.30, 46.21, 61.72, 70.02, 44.24, 38.93, 34.01, 17.03, 32.57, 60.20, 36.62]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 186
    bar [107.08, 116.43, 113.74, 55.23, 88.40, 149.41, 110.68, 110.67, 160.33, 71.15, 46.91, 54.16, 140.57, 160.93, 125.28]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 196
    bar [114.13, 129.11, 115.11, 56.12, 83.19, 150.06, 140.13, 139.85, 169.73, 72.29, 45.63, 57.18, 143.82, 161.17, 136.26]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 11
    bar [1.61, 2.42, 1.58, 0.42, 0.23, 2.58, 1.65, 1.64, 2.55, 0.90, 0.28, 0.99, 8.89, 1.88, 7.35]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 2975
    bar [132.63, 160.04, 213.41, 70.52, 2586.39, 160.04, 135.62, 148.42, 173.08, 91.05, 101.23, 105.01, 186.81, 184.85, 174.29]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	39.29	94.08	102.02	1.61	119.27
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	80.85	108.17	122.15	2.21	158.52
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	37.40	104.42	105.14	1.46	195.94
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	26.56	45.27	44.37	0.31	66.34
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	12.44	78.29	77.82	0.22	1234.85
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	49.71	130.56	134.14	2.54	145.32
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	45.97	114.34	135.56	1.56	131.75
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	81.53	113.16	135.75	1.55	141.14
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	44.88	154.04	166.10	2.57	171.66
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	38.44	71.14	71.66	0.79	82.81
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	16.66	45.76	45.81	0.28	88.48
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	37.53	119.11	131.85	3.17	149.82
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	16.63	80.30	85.31	0.22	1052.70
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	37.61	114.78	120.92	7.54	162.48

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 94
    bar [39.29, 80.85, 37.40, 26.56, 12.44, 49.71, 45.97, 81.53, 44.88, 38.44, 16.66, 37.53, 16.63, 37.61]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 178
    bar [94.08, 108.17, 104.42, 45.27, 78.29, 130.56, 114.34, 113.16, 154.04, 71.14, 45.76, 119.11, 80.30, 114.78]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 192
    bar [102.02, 122.15, 105.14, 44.37, 77.82, 134.14, 135.56, 135.75, 166.10, 71.66, 45.81, 131.85, 85.31, 120.92]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 9
    bar [1.61, 2.21, 1.46, 0.31, 0.22, 2.54, 1.56, 1.55, 2.57, 0.79, 0.28, 3.17, 0.22, 7.54]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1421
    bar [119.27, 158.52, 195.94, 66.34, 1234.85, 145.32, 131.75, 141.14, 171.66, 82.81, 88.48, 149.82, 1052.70, 162.48]

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	136.25	107.61	117.06	1.65	130.55
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	173.30	115.97	134.69	9.27	170.46
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	199.54	119.20	120.74	2.64	211.53
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	70.49	57.34	60.41	1.44	72.35
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	2594.62	88.38	81.14	0.23	2604.39
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	133.26	122.24	122.94	15.60	155.87
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	159.94	113.04	143.69	12.73	162.74
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	171.35	113.72	146.25	12.88	167.29
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	185.01	168.72	181.91	15.07	170.37
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	76.96	71.16	71.93	2.49	88.65
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	159.27	45.05	44.12	0.27	106.80
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	80.19	56.50	58.79	2.37	101.44
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	198.57	159.50	169.51	14.62	210.03
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	184.48	188.81	188.47	12.78	206.32
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	177.33	130.59	145.86	17.35	190.88

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 2984
    bar [136.25, 173.30, 199.54, 70.49, 2594.62, 133.26, 159.94, 171.35, 185.01, 76.96, 159.27, 80.19, 198.57, 184.48, 177.33]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 218
    bar [107.61, 115.97, 119.20, 57.34, 88.38, 122.24, 113.04, 113.72, 168.72, 71.16, 45.05, 56.50, 159.50, 188.81, 130.59]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 217
    bar [117.06, 134.69, 120.74, 60.41, 81.14, 122.94, 143.69, 146.25, 181.91, 71.93, 44.12, 58.79, 169.51, 188.47, 145.86]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 20
    bar [1.65, 9.27, 2.64, 1.44, 0.23, 15.60, 12.73, 12.88, 15.07, 2.49, 0.27, 2.37, 14.62, 12.78, 17.35]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 2996
    bar [130.55, 170.46, 211.53, 72.35, 2604.39, 155.87, 162.74, 167.29, 170.37, 88.65, 106.80, 101.44, 210.03, 206.32, 190.88]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	124.63	99.73	109.71	1.59	120.37
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	170.27	109.59	128.30	8.67	171.20
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	180.50	105.27	105.14	2.41	192.45
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	65.58	47.49	47.34	0.70	67.43
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	1244.45	78.17	77.49	0.22	1234.77
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	91.78	123.05	123.27	15.51	153.29
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	142.03	108.13	139.62	12.39	155.16
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	143.73	109.27	142.74	12.47	167.43
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	187.29	166.25	179.36	15.96	174.72
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	73.10	68.26	72.27	2.13	81.72
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	105.61	43.61	43.95	0.26	90.22
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	140.26	119.26	139.54	10.65	150.75
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	1217.03	80.32	85.16	0.22	1058.00
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	161.51	119.34	123.09	17.05	174.38

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1432
    bar [124.63, 170.27, 180.50, 65.58, 1244.45, 91.78, 142.03, 143.73, 187.29, 73.10, 105.61, 140.26, 1217.03, 161.51]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 192
    bar [99.73, 109.59, 105.27, 47.49, 78.17, 123.05, 108.13, 109.27, 166.25, 68.26, 43.61, 119.26, 80.32, 119.34]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 207
    bar [109.71, 128.30, 105.14, 47.34, 77.49, 123.27, 139.62, 142.74, 179.36, 72.27, 43.95, 139.54, 85.16, 123.09]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 20
    bar [1.59, 8.67, 2.41, 0.70, 0.22, 15.51, 12.39, 12.47, 15.96, 2.13, 0.26, 10.65, 0.22, 17.05]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1420
    bar [120.37, 171.20, 192.45, 67.43, 1234.77, 153.29, 155.16, 167.43, 174.72, 81.72, 90.22, 150.75, 1058.00, 174.38]

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	135.38	103.17	111.92	1.59	129.96
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	173.90	116.35	135.06	9.32	169.76
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	194.17	115.33	116.80	2.64	207.49
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	72.72	60.72	60.94	1.46	74.71
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	2629.73	88.50	83.02	0.23	2631.53
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	126.89	122.10	121.58	15.45	151.84
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	162.20	110.57	142.61	12.85	162.51
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	170.64	112.54	144.04	12.89	167.71
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	183.59	168.81	183.04	14.99	174.54
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	77.39	71.27	73.24	2.47	89.81
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	159.44	45.66	44.52	0.28	107.50
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	79.53	56.86	59.08	2.36	102.24
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	194.64	160.03	168.38	14.54	205.68
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	186.94	196.04	196.24	12.84	208.93
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	164.55	118.59	133.90	17.45	185.30

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 3025
    bar [135.38, 173.90, 194.17, 72.72, 2629.73, 126.89, 162.20, 170.64, 183.59, 77.39, 159.44, 79.53, 194.64, 186.94, 164.55]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 226
    bar [103.17, 116.35, 115.33, 60.72, 88.50, 122.10, 110.57, 112.54, 168.81, 71.27, 45.66, 56.86, 160.03, 196.04, 118.59]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 226
    bar [111.92, 135.06, 116.80, 60.94, 83.02, 121.58, 142.61, 144.04, 183.04, 73.24, 44.52, 59.08, 168.38, 196.24, 133.90]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 21
    bar [1.59, 9.32, 2.64, 1.46, 0.23, 15.45, 12.85, 12.89, 14.99, 2.47, 0.28, 2.36, 14.54, 12.84, 17.45]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 3027
    bar [129.96, 169.76, 207.49, 74.71, 2631.53, 151.84, 162.51, 167.71, 174.54, 89.81, 107.50, 102.24, 205.68, 208.93, 185.30]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	123.83	99.70	109.51	1.59	122.41
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	170.21	110.03	128.88	8.87	171.26
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	179.47	105.24	105.88	2.41	193.53
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	65.66	48.29	47.90	0.72	67.77
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	1247.61	77.69	76.83	0.22	1236.86
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	89.98	122.74	122.07	15.51	151.70
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	140.87	108.04	139.72	12.33	157.24
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	146.07	106.74	140.99	12.46	167.58
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	185.86	167.41	181.69	15.45	174.50
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	72.06	68.03	70.10	2.14	80.59
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	105.25	43.34	43.13	0.26	89.93
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	141.08	119.64	139.55	10.74	155.36
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	1219.56	80.57	85.63	0.22	1055.44
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	152.97	110.36	118.43	17.30	171.48

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1435
    bar [123.83, 170.21, 179.47, 65.66, 1247.61, 89.98, 140.87, 146.07, 185.86, 72.06, 105.25, 141.08, 1219.56, 152.97]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 193
    bar [99.70, 110.03, 105.24, 48.29, 77.69, 122.74, 108.04, 106.74, 167.41, 68.03, 43.34, 119.64, 80.57, 110.36]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 209
    bar [109.51, 128.88, 105.88, 47.90, 76.83, 122.07, 139.72, 140.99, 181.69, 70.10, 43.13, 139.55, 85.63, 118.43]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 20
    bar [1.59, 8.87, 2.41, 0.72, 0.22, 15.51, 12.33, 12.46, 15.45, 2.14, 0.26, 10.74, 0.22, 17.30]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1423
    bar [122.41, 171.26, 193.53, 67.77, 1236.86, 151.70, 157.24, 167.58, 174.50, 80.59, 89.93, 155.36, 1055.44, 171.48]

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	137.25	107.84	117.14	1.59	131.57
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	175.64	116.19	134.88	9.62	180.74
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	199.39	118.98	122.86	2.72	216.95
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	71.84	60.54	61.54	1.49	74.58
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	2615.86	88.53	84.27	0.23	2619.38
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	131.19	124.30	122.23	15.78	154.36
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	165.66	113.30	145.56	12.83	170.02
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	186.96	125.17	155.43	13.90	167.68
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	207.96	181.02	187.18	16.20	174.14
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	78.75	71.83	71.41	2.48	88.92
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	160.72	46.04	44.75	0.28	107.05
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	81.15	55.20	57.48	2.35	102.52
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	197.98	161.05	171.45	14.64	208.86
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	190.66	191.30	190.57	13.01	207.92
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	167.94	121.16	135.76	17.50	189.42

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 3009
    bar [137.25, 175.64, 199.39, 71.84, 2615.86, 131.19, 165.66, 186.96, 207.96, 78.75, 160.72, 81.15, 197.98, 190.66, 167.94]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 220
    bar [107.84, 116.19, 118.98, 60.54, 88.53, 124.30, 113.30, 125.17, 181.02, 71.83, 46.04, 55.20, 161.05, 191.30, 121.16]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 220
    bar [117.14, 134.88, 122.86, 61.54, 84.27, 122.23, 145.56, 155.43, 187.18, 71.41, 44.75, 57.48, 171.45, 190.57, 135.76]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 21
    bar [1.59, 9.62, 2.72, 1.49, 0.23, 15.78, 12.83, 13.90, 16.20, 2.48, 0.28, 2.35, 14.64, 13.01, 17.50]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 3013
    bar [131.57, 180.74, 216.95, 74.58, 2619.38, 154.36, 170.02, 167.68, 174.14, 88.92, 107.05, 102.52, 208.86, 207.92, 189.42]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	123.73	100.13	110.21	1.59	120.89
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	169.99	110.16	128.27	8.70	170.80
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	180.30	105.81	105.32	2.42	193.93
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	66.05	48.84	48.60	0.74	68.66
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	1248.57	77.91	77.13	0.22	1235.62
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	91.55	123.92	122.31	15.21	149.33
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	143.90	107.31	142.13	12.28	157.16
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	147.59	109.48	142.38	12.55	169.38
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	190.09	169.08	185.94	16.19	179.64
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	72.57	68.09	70.98	2.17	80.59
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	106.02	43.86	44.10	0.26	90.25
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	138.87	120.37	140.70	10.81	156.66
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	1224.84	81.00	85.72	0.22	1055.69
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	155.36	110.78	121.07	17.43	172.61

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1436
    bar [123.73, 169.99, 180.30, 66.05, 1248.57, 91.55, 143.90, 147.59, 190.09, 72.57, 106.02, 138.87, 1224.84, 155.36]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 195
    bar [100.13, 110.16, 105.81, 48.84, 77.91, 123.92, 107.31, 109.48, 169.08, 68.09, 43.86, 120.37, 81.00, 110.78]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 214
    bar [110.21, 128.27, 105.32, 48.60, 77.13, 122.31, 142.13, 142.38, 185.94, 70.98, 44.10, 140.70, 85.72, 121.07]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 21
    bar [1.59, 8.70, 2.42, 0.74, 0.22, 15.21, 12.28, 12.55, 16.19, 2.17, 0.26, 10.81, 0.22, 17.43]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 100,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1421
    bar [120.89, 170.80, 193.93, 68.66, 1235.62, 149.33, 157.16, 169.38, 179.64, 80.59, 90.25, 156.66, 1055.69, 172.61]

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 42)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	22.04	44.54	50.29	1.63	60.22
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	59.85	43.27	49.66	2.55	72.11
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	27.56	49.05	51.18	1.56	95.10
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	19.41	21.06	19.99	0.44	35.49
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	5.27	34.32	32.83	0.26	45.99
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	23.77	32.65	35.14	2.63	52.69
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	57.24	88.02	64.07	40.83	111.45
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	136.68	91.95	84.29	42.00	972.17
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	53.48	68.11	53.06	68.30	76.36
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	30.20	27.06	27.17	0.64	49.63
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	21.86	11.29	10.68	0.29	38.40
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	9.22	13.66	15.00	0.86	31.50
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	25.32	37.57	35.61	7.64	67.79
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	60.38	47.76	47.80	2.24	66.10
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	34.69	42.00	48.14	7.54	67.75

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 158
    bar [22.04, 59.85, 27.56, 19.41, 5.27, 23.77, 57.24, 136.68, 53.48, 30.20, 21.86, 9.22, 25.32, 60.38, 34.69]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 106
    bar [44.54, 43.27, 49.05, 21.06, 34.32, 32.65, 88.02, 91.95, 68.11, 27.06, 11.29, 13.66, 37.57, 47.76, 42.00]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 97
    bar [50.29, 49.66, 51.18, 19.99, 32.83, 35.14, 64.07, 84.29, 53.06, 27.17, 10.68, 15.00, 35.61, 47.80, 48.14]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 79
    bar [1.63, 2.55, 1.56, 0.44, 0.26, 2.63, 40.83, 42.00, 68.30, 0.64, 0.29, 0.86, 7.64, 2.24, 7.54]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1118
    bar [60.22, 72.11, 95.10, 35.49, 45.99, 52.69, 111.45, 972.17, 76.36, 49.63, 38.40, 31.50, 67.79, 66.10, 67.75]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	21.95	45.54	50.37	1.62	57.51
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	60.80	39.85	45.95	2.37	71.36
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	22.20	48.73	51.53	1.56	91.70
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	19.64	19.49	19.71	0.37	34.87
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	4.95	32.75	32.74	0.15	36.41
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	32.68	29.80	30.39	2.44	50.37
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	52.83	70.89	74.16	41.89	109.19
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	1634.29	59.34	70.80	42.22	879.53
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	59.29	81.87	57.94	53.19	116.94
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	29.68	29.00	26.82	0.85	42.53
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	8.85	11.24	11.25	0.28	36.54
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	25.60	31.67	39.00	2.90	57.53
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	8.75	32.93	38.13	0.23	43.16
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	35.97	40.78	44.47	7.34	65.61

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1880
    bar [21.95, 60.80, 22.20, 19.64, 4.95, 32.68, 52.83, 1634.29, 59.29, 29.68, 8.85, 25.60, 8.75, 35.97]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 95
    bar [45.54, 39.85, 48.73, 19.49, 32.75, 29.80, 70.89, 59.34, 81.87, 29.00, 11.24, 31.67, 32.93, 40.78]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 86
    bar [50.37, 45.95, 51.53, 19.71, 32.74, 30.39, 74.16, 70.80, 57.94, 26.82, 11.25, 39.00, 38.13, 44.47]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 62
    bar [1.62, 2.37, 1.56, 0.37, 0.15, 2.44, 41.89, 42.22, 53.19, 0.85, 0.28, 2.90, 0.23, 7.34]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1012
    bar [57.51, 71.36, 91.70, 34.87, 36.41, 50.37, 109.19, 879.53, 116.94, 42.53, 36.54, 57.53, 43.16, 65.61]

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 123)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	21.99	45.45	51.02	1.65	57.49
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	59.71	43.70	51.13	2.51	72.48
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	27.62	49.72	51.02	1.54	97.04
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	19.66	19.71	20.40	0.46	35.18
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	5.23	34.18	32.57	0.26	46.10
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	23.32	33.86	34.24	2.62	53.88
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	65.72	88.01	70.54	42.07	115.64
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	132.52	90.43	73.98	41.71	928.38
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	72.94	67.76	51.28	69.78	76.58
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	30.62	27.39	26.14	0.63	48.79
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	21.85	11.30	10.68	0.29	39.05
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	9.27	13.61	14.76	0.86	31.05
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	25.66	39.64	35.58	7.59	66.70
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	60.38	47.10	47.53	2.26	66.32
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	35.63	43.20	43.23	7.86	70.69

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 153
    bar [21.99, 59.71, 27.62, 19.66, 5.23, 23.32, 65.72, 132.52, 72.94, 30.62, 21.85, 9.27, 25.66, 60.38, 35.63]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 104
    bar [45.45, 43.70, 49.72, 19.71, 34.18, 33.86, 88.01, 90.43, 67.76, 27.39, 11.30, 13.61, 39.64, 47.10, 43.20]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 86
    bar [51.02, 51.13, 51.02, 20.40, 32.57, 34.24, 70.54, 73.98, 51.28, 26.14, 10.68, 14.76, 35.58, 47.53, 43.23]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 81
    bar [1.65, 2.51, 1.54, 0.46, 0.26, 2.62, 42.07, 41.71, 69.78, 0.63, 0.29, 0.86, 7.59, 2.26, 7.86]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1068
    bar [57.49, 72.48, 97.04, 35.18, 46.10, 53.88, 115.64, 928.38, 76.58, 48.79, 39.05, 31.05, 66.70, 66.32, 70.69]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	21.88	41.89	47.40	1.62	51.96
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	61.85	40.58	47.36	2.33	72.41
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	22.13	48.92	51.97	1.55	90.36
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	19.55	19.95	19.23	0.38	34.90
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	4.88	32.44	33.57	0.15	36.55
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	32.10	29.27	30.48	2.45	52.97
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	82.70	60.42	66.28	41.37	131.30
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	1189.49	97.35	75.72	41.58	185.16
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	57.70	72.06	67.61	53.22	136.85
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	29.03	28.31	26.19	0.87	41.20
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	8.85	11.25	11.26	0.28	36.71
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	25.99	32.94	39.75	2.88	58.43
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	8.81	33.06	39.21	0.23	43.52
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	37.80	39.93	45.48	7.44	69.05

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1368
    bar [21.88, 61.85, 22.13, 19.55, 4.88, 32.10, 82.70, 1189.49, 57.70, 29.03, 8.85, 25.99, 8.81, 37.80]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 112
    bar [41.89, 40.58, 48.92, 19.95, 32.44, 29.27, 60.42, 97.35, 72.06, 28.31, 11.25, 32.94, 33.06, 39.93]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 88
    bar [47.40, 47.36, 51.97, 19.23, 33.57, 30.48, 66.28, 75.72, 67.61, 26.19, 11.26, 39.75, 39.21, 45.48]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 62
    bar [1.62, 2.33, 1.55, 0.38, 0.15, 2.45, 41.37, 41.58, 53.22, 0.87, 0.28, 2.88, 0.23, 7.44]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 213
    bar [51.96, 72.41, 90.36, 34.90, 36.55, 52.97, 131.30, 185.16, 136.85, 41.20, 36.71, 58.43, 43.52, 69.05]

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	22.00	46.02	51.43	1.62	58.89
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	60.72	43.44	50.77	2.49	73.30
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	27.71	48.22	51.00	1.55	96.59
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	19.49	20.15	20.59	0.48	35.53
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	5.22	33.07	33.21	0.26	46.78
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	23.42	32.80	34.41	2.61	53.28
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	57.90	83.31	65.12	39.92	111.38
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	723.00	123.22	77.48	41.94	915.44
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	53.58	70.79	51.98	69.39	70.90
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	30.16	27.32	27.49	0.66	47.42
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	21.93	11.27	10.64	0.28	39.24
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	9.18	13.79	14.92	0.87	31.22
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	25.53	37.97	36.56	7.70	69.00
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	60.92	48.25	47.94	2.26	70.03
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	34.93	42.79	45.36	7.59	71.76

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 832
    bar [22.00, 60.72, 27.71, 19.49, 5.22, 23.42, 57.90, 723.00, 53.58, 30.16, 21.93, 9.18, 25.53, 60.92, 34.93]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 142
    bar [46.02, 43.44, 48.22, 20.15, 33.07, 32.80, 83.31, 123.22, 70.79, 27.32, 11.27, 13.79, 37.97, 48.25, 42.79]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 90
    bar [51.43, 50.77, 51.00, 20.59, 33.21, 34.41, 65.12, 77.48, 51.98, 27.49, 10.64, 14.92, 36.56, 47.94, 45.36]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 80
    bar [1.62, 2.49, 1.55, 0.48, 0.26, 2.61, 39.92, 41.94, 69.39, 0.66, 0.28, 0.87, 7.70, 2.26, 7.59]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1053
    bar [58.89, 73.30, 96.59, 35.53, 46.78, 53.28, 111.38, 915.44, 70.90, 47.42, 39.24, 31.22, 69.00, 70.03, 71.76]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	21.92	47.38	52.42	1.62	54.99
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	61.58	40.71	46.96	2.34	73.84
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	22.09	48.35	51.21	1.52	89.28
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	24.01	20.37	19.56	0.37	34.80
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	4.96	33.89	33.93	0.15	38.19
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	32.53	30.27	29.70	2.51	51.34
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	52.39	59.86	74.67	42.51	122.58
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	1250.53	66.87	75.59	42.52	279.75
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	76.57	76.27	82.34	55.22	132.96
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	29.41	28.69	27.32	0.84	40.78
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	8.94	11.26	11.28	0.28	36.67
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	25.99	34.89	39.70	2.88	57.17
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	8.78	34.51	38.48	0.23	43.53
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	35.48	40.09	44.95	7.61	69.58

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 1439
    bar [21.92, 61.58, 22.09, 24.01, 4.96, 32.53, 52.39, 1250.53, 76.57, 29.41, 8.94, 25.99, 8.78, 35.48]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 88
    bar [47.38, 40.71, 48.35, 20.37, 33.89, 30.27, 59.86, 66.87, 76.27, 28.69, 11.26, 34.89, 34.51, 40.09]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 95
    bar [52.42, 46.96, 51.21, 19.56, 33.93, 29.70, 74.67, 75.59, 82.34, 27.32, 11.28, 39.70, 38.48, 44.95]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 64
    bar [1.62, 2.34, 1.52, 0.37, 0.15, 2.51, 42.51, 42.52, 55.22, 0.84, 0.28, 2.88, 0.23, 7.61]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 322
    bar [54.99, 73.84, 89.28, 34.80, 38.19, 51.34, 122.58, 279.75, 132.96, 40.78, 36.67, 57.17, 43.53, 69.58]

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	67.01	53.00	58.31	1.62	66.43
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	79.07	43.44	49.62	6.56	79.88
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	97.16	56.20	55.60	2.64	110.35
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	42.21	23.77	23.35	0.72	39.98
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	52.05	44.43	41.47	0.26	53.08
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	62.77	37.18	37.49	6.27	60.44
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	97.65	82.78	78.61	40.89	119.10
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	185.63	83.12	68.97	41.63	349.02
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	86.72	79.21	63.15	72.27	96.57
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	47.15	28.58	29.62	1.45	49.38
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	62.25	11.31	10.73	0.29	40.80
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	33.07	18.92	20.15	2.08	46.93
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	73.98	40.50	40.17	8.40	73.59
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	78.11	51.59	50.94	2.98	70.24
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	57.91	32.24	35.75	9.22	64.59

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 214
    bar [67.01, 79.07, 97.16, 42.21, 52.05, 62.77, 97.65, 185.63, 86.72, 47.15, 62.25, 33.07, 73.98, 78.11, 57.91]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 96
    bar [53.00, 43.44, 56.20, 23.77, 44.43, 37.18, 82.78, 83.12, 79.21, 28.58, 11.31, 18.92, 40.50, 51.59, 32.24]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 91
    bar [58.31, 49.62, 55.60, 23.35, 41.47, 37.49, 78.61, 68.97, 63.15, 29.62, 10.73, 20.15, 40.17, 50.94, 35.75]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 84
    bar [1.62, 6.56, 2.64, 0.72, 0.26, 6.27, 40.89, 41.63, 72.27, 1.45, 0.29, 2.08, 8.40, 2.98, 9.22]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 402
    bar [66.43, 79.88, 110.35, 39.98, 53.08, 60.44, 119.10, 349.02, 96.57, 49.38, 40.80, 46.93, 73.59, 70.24, 64.59]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	64.56	53.05	58.97	1.62	64.24
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	82.30	41.60	47.21	5.91	79.15
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	92.89	55.29	54.02	2.42	103.17
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	38.88	22.46	23.16	0.59	41.99
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	44.44	42.55	41.30	0.15	44.13
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	45.99	33.93	34.46	5.00	56.38
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	77.33	67.04	72.05	42.61	99.58
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	172.53	53.30	64.53	43.28	291.78
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	121.54	100.92	74.88	71.83	132.49
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	37.07	29.00	29.03	1.43	42.03
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	38.04	11.24	11.26	0.28	38.16
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	62.81	40.62	47.26	6.36	61.40
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	37.51	38.32	44.23	0.23	45.43
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	58.44	31.54	34.35	7.53	62.12

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 199
    bar [64.56, 82.30, 92.89, 38.88, 44.44, 45.99, 77.33, 172.53, 121.54, 37.07, 38.04, 62.81, 37.51, 58.44]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 117
    bar [53.05, 41.60, 55.29, 22.46, 42.55, 33.93, 67.04, 53.30, 100.92, 29.00, 11.24, 40.62, 38.32, 31.54]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 87
    bar [58.97, 47.21, 54.02, 23.16, 41.30, 34.46, 72.05, 64.53, 74.88, 29.03, 11.26, 47.26, 44.23, 34.35]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 83
    bar [1.62, 5.91, 2.42, 0.59, 0.15, 5.00, 42.61, 43.28, 71.83, 1.43, 0.28, 6.36, 0.23, 7.53]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 336
    bar [64.24, 79.15, 103.17, 41.99, 44.13, 56.38, 99.58, 291.78, 132.49, 42.03, 38.16, 61.40, 45.43, 62.12]

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	66.04	51.82	56.71	1.62	68.13
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	78.91	44.60	50.61	6.19	79.53
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	97.50	56.92	56.23	2.58	107.48
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	40.57	22.44	22.65	0.78	40.42
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	52.06	44.22	41.27	0.26	54.11
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	60.24	36.52	38.44	6.22	59.17
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	104.74	85.00	72.10	41.73	116.90
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	167.45	88.24	51.90	41.60	318.86
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	90.23	76.67	68.97	71.34	104.47
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	42.07	26.92	27.72	1.31	46.74
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	60.29	11.31	10.71	0.28	41.00
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	35.77	19.30	20.82	2.12	46.91
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	76.36	42.41	41.12	8.37	72.38
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	75.72	47.76	48.08	3.00	68.86
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	58.33	32.06	36.10	9.00	65.13

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 193
    bar [66.04, 78.91, 97.50, 40.57, 52.06, 60.24, 104.74, 167.45, 90.23, 42.07, 60.29, 35.77, 76.36, 75.72, 58.33]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 102
    bar [51.82, 44.60, 56.92, 22.44, 44.22, 36.52, 85.00, 88.24, 76.67, 26.92, 11.31, 19.30, 42.41, 47.76, 32.06]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 83
    bar [56.71, 50.61, 56.23, 22.65, 41.27, 38.44, 72.10, 51.90, 68.97, 27.72, 10.71, 20.82, 41.12, 48.08, 36.10]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 83
    bar [1.62, 6.19, 2.58, 0.78, 0.26, 6.22, 41.73, 41.60, 71.34, 1.31, 0.28, 2.12, 8.37, 3.00, 9.00]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 367
    bar [68.13, 79.53, 107.48, 40.42, 54.11, 59.17, 116.90, 318.86, 104.47, 46.74, 41.00, 46.91, 72.38, 68.86, 65.13]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	64.43	51.73	57.18	1.63	64.63
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	82.88	41.34	47.16	5.72	78.76
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	92.96	57.13	55.06	2.46	104.52
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	42.38	22.64	22.79	0.60	41.79
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	43.87	42.48	41.18	0.15	44.86
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	45.47	34.60	34.14	4.99	54.19
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	83.23	66.14	64.11	42.98	94.98
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	183.08	62.19	66.03	42.99	289.85
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	124.77	112.54	94.60	56.57	128.09
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	38.41	29.10	29.05	1.42	40.45
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	34.26	11.25	11.28	0.28	38.14
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	62.78	39.97	46.34	6.20	59.92
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	37.88	37.21	44.84	0.23	47.39
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	57.31	30.44	34.75	7.42	62.70

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 211
    bar [64.43, 82.88, 92.96, 42.38, 43.87, 45.47, 83.23, 183.08, 124.77, 38.41, 34.26, 62.78, 37.88, 57.31]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 130
    bar [51.73, 41.34, 57.13, 22.64, 42.48, 34.60, 66.14, 62.19, 112.54, 29.10, 11.25, 39.97, 37.21, 30.44]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 109
    bar [57.18, 47.16, 55.06, 22.79, 41.18, 34.14, 64.11, 66.03, 94.60, 29.05, 11.28, 46.34, 44.84, 34.75]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 66
    bar [1.63, 5.72, 2.46, 0.60, 0.15, 4.99, 42.98, 42.99, 56.57, 1.42, 0.28, 6.20, 0.23, 7.42]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 334
    bar [64.63, 78.76, 104.52, 41.79, 44.86, 54.19, 94.98, 289.85, 128.09, 40.45, 38.14, 59.92, 47.39, 62.70]

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)

Sorted Maps


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	66.18	52.32	57.34	1.61	67.14
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	79.12	43.72	48.86	6.08	80.05
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	97.43	57.21	57.31	2.53	107.50
C++	Abseil btree_map	B-tree	41.78	22.05	23.25	0.71	39.92
C++	Boost flat_map	Flat Sorted Vector	52.40	42.01	41.17	0.26	53.72
C++	std::map	Red-Black Tree	60.19	37.60	38.15	6.14	58.93
Java	fastutil AVLTreeMap	AVL Tree (primitive long)	71.83	83.49	72.71	41.50	114.67
Java	fastutil RBTreeMap	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	256.88	91.27	52.94	41.84	311.80
Java	java.util.TreeMap	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	84.04	82.83	78.44	71.63	106.68
Rust	std::collections::BTreeMap	B-tree	42.69	28.26	28.28	1.42	48.82
Rust	indexset::BTreeMap	Two-Level B-tree	58.12	11.30	10.60	0.29	41.33
Zig	Ordered BTreeMap	B-tree (16-way)	35.09	19.34	20.52	2.09	47.03
Zig	Ordered CartesianTreeMap	Cartesian Tree	75.40	39.86	40.16	8.13	73.72
Zig	Ordered SkipListMap	Skip List	76.06	49.33	49.58	3.02	68.36
Zig	std.Treap (Map)	Treap	56.76	30.65	34.14	9.10	64.49

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 296
    bar [66.18, 79.12, 97.43, 41.78, 52.40, 60.19, 71.83, 256.88, 84.04, 42.69, 58.12, 35.09, 75.40, 76.06, 56.76]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 105
    bar [52.32, 43.72, 57.21, 22.05, 42.01, 37.60, 83.49, 91.27, 82.83, 28.26, 11.30, 19.34, 39.86, 49.33, 30.65]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 91
    bar [57.34, 48.86, 57.31, 23.25, 41.17, 38.15, 72.71, 52.94, 78.44, 28.28, 10.60, 20.52, 40.16, 49.58, 34.14]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 83
    bar [1.61, 6.08, 2.53, 0.71, 0.26, 6.14, 41.50, 41.84, 71.63, 1.42, 0.29, 2.09, 8.13, 3.02, 9.10]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Maps Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::map", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeMap", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig Ordered BTree", "Zig Cartesian", "Zig SkipList", "Zig Treap Map"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 359
    bar [67.14, 80.05, 107.50, 39.92, 53.72, 58.93, 114.67, 311.80, 106.68, 48.82, 41.33, 47.03, 73.72, 68.36, 64.49]

Sorted Sets


C	tidwall/btree.c	B-tree	64.05	53.49	58.67	1.62	65.21
C	Klib kavl	AVL Tree	83.06	40.91	47.03	5.57	78.46
C	Klib kbtree	B-tree	90.29	54.30	52.88	2.38	101.79
C++	Abseil btree_set	B-tree	37.93	26.99	26.89	0.60	41.57
C++	Boost flat_set	Flat Sorted Vector	43.81	42.55	42.71	0.15	44.72
C++	std::set	Red-Black Tree	45.28	35.71	33.71	5.04	55.30
Java	fastutil AVLTreeSet	AVL Tree (primitive long)	81.30	64.58	73.77	43.02	106.52
Java	fastutil RBTreeSet	Red-Black Tree (primitive long)	169.50	59.57	67.39	43.32	185.88
Java	java.util.TreeSet	Red-Black Tree (boxed Long)	134.86	106.23	94.39	55.90	144.29
Rust	std::collections::BTreeSet	B-tree	38.38	29.55	29.45	1.47	41.93
Rust	indexset::BTreeSet	Two-Level B-tree	34.18	11.25	11.27	0.28	37.89
Zig	Ordered RedBlackTreeSet	Red-Black Tree	62.78	41.85	47.30	6.12	61.98
Zig	Ordered SortedSet	Sorted Vector	37.15	36.92	43.71	0.23	46.67
Zig	std.Treap (Set)	Treap	57.90	32.24	34.66	7.35	61.58

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Insert Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 195
    bar [64.05, 83.06, 90.29, 37.93, 43.81, 45.28, 81.30, 169.50, 134.86, 38.38, 34.18, 62.78, 37.15, 57.90]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Hit Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 123
    bar [53.49, 40.91, 54.30, 26.99, 42.55, 35.71, 64.58, 59.57, 106.23, 29.55, 11.25, 41.85, 36.92, 32.24]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Miss Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 109
    bar [58.67, 47.03, 52.88, 26.89, 42.71, 33.71, 73.77, 67.39, 94.39, 29.45, 11.27, 47.30, 43.71, 34.66]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Iterate Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 65
    bar [1.62, 5.57, 2.38, 0.60, 0.15, 5.04, 43.02, 43.32, 55.90, 1.47, 0.28, 6.12, 0.23, 7.35]

%%{init: {"xyChart": {"width": 900, "height": 650, "xAxis": {"labelRotation": 90, "labelPadding": 16}}}}%%
xychart-beta
    title "Sorted Sets Remove Latency (N = 1,000, Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)"
    x-axis ["C tidwall btree", "C Klib kavl", "C Klib kbtree", "C++ Abseil BTree", "C++ Boost flat", "C++ std::set", "Java fastutil AVL", "Java fastutil RB", "Java TreeSet", "Rust std BTree", "Rust indexset", "Zig RedBlack", "Zig SortedSet", "Zig Treap Set"]
    y-axis "Time (ns/op)" 0 --> 214
    bar [65.21, 78.46, 101.79, 41.57, 44.72, 55.30, 106.52, 185.88, 144.29, 41.93, 37.89, 61.98, 46.67, 61.58]

System Environment and Metadata

Performance Interpretation Guide

Key Architectural Comparisons

Benchmark Results by Workload

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 42)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 123)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 100,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 42)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 123)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Ascending Keys, Seed 2026)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 42)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 123)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets

Workload: Size = 1,000 Elements (Shuffled Keys, Seed 2026)

Sorted Maps

Sorted Sets